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quantities of hydraulic or hydrocarbon binders while maintaining equivalent mechanical (compressive strength) and hydraulic (permeability) performance levels. Secondary focus may also be placed on density. How
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compressive strength, etc.) and at the microscale (phase assemblages of cement paste and aggregates, through SEM-EDS, XRD, XRF, Raman spectroscopy, TGA-MS and ICP-MS); for O2, mesoscale modelling of concrete
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. However, for structural use, ensuring high resistance to tensile rupture is critical: like most cemented materials, these media are strong in compression but weak in traction, so tension induced by buckling
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characterised through from fresh state to longer age with macroscale characterisation such as density, total porosity by water absorption, and unconfined compressive strength measurements. Microscale